Pale Fire Essay Research Paper Pale Fire free essay sample

Pale Fire Essay, Research Paper Pale Fire, by Vladimir Nabokov, is a complex text made up of four parts. Three of the parts, the preface, commentary, and index, are narrated by Dr. Charles Kinbote. The 4th portion is a long verse form written by a character named John Shade. There is much confusion as to the true individuality of the storyteller Kinbote, but for the interest of simpleness, I have taken the position that Dr. Charles Kinbote is the homosexual, insane, exiled Zemblan King Charles. Many different subjects, motives, secret plans, characters, and individualities are elaborately woven throughout this text. One motive is that of the butterfly. The transmutation from life to decease is represented by the caterpillar # 8217 ; s transmutation to a butterfly. The butterfly is representative of decease, or at hand decease, and the possibilities of hereafter. The caterpillar has # 8220 ; died, # 8221 ; in a sense, and the butterfly is the signifier of its hereafter. We will write a custom essay sample on Pale Fire Essay Research Paper Pale Fire or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is a symbol that occurs repeatedly in the verse form, and several times in Kinbote # 8217 ; s narratives.Shade # 8217 ; s verse form, # 8220 ; Pale Fire, # 8221 ; is his geographic expedition of the thoughts of life, decease, and hereafter. His girl has killed herself and this is his manner of seeking to do sense of her decease. One of the most hard stairss in the bereavement procedure is the realisation that you are easy burying that individual who has left and easy burying the hurting you have felt. Shadow explores this peculiar emotion in the undermentioned lines: # 8220 ; Later came proceedingss, hours, whole yearss at last, / When she # 8217 ; d be absent from our ideas, so fast/ Did life, the woolly caterpillar tally # 8221 ; ( pg. 58, lines 665-667 ) . The woolly caterpillar represents life on Earth. The first of butterfly we encounter is in the preface when Kinbote describes Shade # 8217 ; s pattern of destructing his old bill of exchanges. Kinbote sees him # 822 0 ; firing a whole stack of them in the pale fire of the incinerator with dead set caput like an official griever among the wind-borne black butterflies # 8221 ; ( pg. 15 ) . Shade has figuratively killed his old bill of exchange, a bill of exchange that Kinbote assumes to be about his Zembla, and the ashes are the black butterflies whose decease Shade is mourning. In Shade # 8217 ; s poem the butterfly motive is foremost introduced when he describes a tree in his backyard. # 8220 ; White butterflies turn lavender/ As they pass through its shadiness where gently seems to sway/ The apparition of my small girl # 8217 ; s swing # 8221 ; ( pg. 35, lines 55-57 ) . Again, the butterflies are associated with the decease, but, more specifically, the possibilities of his girl # 8217 ; s hereafter. The # 8220 ; phantom # 8221 ; swing seems to be singing still, as if her spirit is the force that is doing it travel. At twilight, Shade attempts to # 8220 ; stare down the stars. Infinite foretime and/ Infinite aftertime: above your head/ They close like elephantine wings, and you are dead # 8221 ; ( pg. 37, lines 122-5 ) . In these lines from the verse form, Shade is straight doing the connexion between the eternity of hereafter, wings, most likely those of a butterfly, and decease. He makes many mentions to butterflies, but frequently, in the novel and the verse form, the Red Admirable butterfly is mentioned. Its first visual aspect in the text is in the 2nd canto of the verse form. # 8220 ; Come and be worshipped, come and be caressed, / My dark Vanessa, crimson-barred, my blest/ My Admirable butterfly! # 8221 ; ( pg. 42-3, lines 269-71 ) . Shade sees the butterfly as something to be worshipped and something that is blessed. Angels, liquors of people who have been blessed and earned their topographic point in the hereafter, are worshipped in many faiths. Kinbote # 8217 ; s note to the line about # 8220 ; My dark Vanessa # 8221 ; explains the same butterfly # 8217 ; s presence in Zembla. # 8220 ; Zemblans name it harvalda ( the heraldic one ) # 8221 ; ( pg. 172 ) . The Red Admirable trumpeters decease in this book. Each clip it appears in the text, decease is shortly to come. Kinbote notes that he has seen the butterflies # 8220 ; banqueting on. . . a dead coney # 8221 ; ( pg. 172 ) . Not merely does this butterfly herald at hand decease and transition to the hereafter, but it besides physically feeds on death.We meet the Red Admirable once more in the last stanza of the verse form. Harmonizing to Shade # 8217 ; s notes, he wrote the last stanza merely before his slaying. # 8220 ; A dark Vanessa with a ruby set. . . A adult male U nheedful of the butterfly — / Some neighbor’s nurseryman, I guess – goes by† ( pg. 69, lines 993-8 ) . These lines ironically bode his ain slaying. Shade is the adult male unheedful of the butterfly that flies in forepart of him as he walks to his decease across the street at Kinbote’s house. The note to these lines is wholly devoted to Shade # 8217 ; s concluding brush with the Red Admirable, the trumpeter of decease. # 8220 ; A Red Admirable came giddily twirling around us like a coloured fire. . . with an about awful imitation of witting drama which now culminated in its subsiding upon my delighted friend # 8217 ; s [ Shade s ] sleeve # 8221 ; ( pg. 290 ) . Moments subsequently, Shade will be shot through the bosom and killed.The metabolism from caterpillar to butterfly, life on Earth to the hereafter elsewhere, is represented in Charles # 8217 ; walk through the secret transition to the theater. He starts at the gap of the transition in the castle and walks through a dark labyrinth to the gap at the other terminal in a theatre exterior of the castle. He is imprisoned in the castle, stuck in a cocoon, and emerges as a free adult male, a free adult male who is no longer a male monarch. Charles sees # 8220 ; a headless statue of Mercury, music director of psyches t o the Lower World # 8221 ; in his transition to the other universe outside the castle ( pg. 133 ) . His outgrowth from the transition into the theatre is described like the butterfly writhing free from the cocoon. # 8220 ; The enigma of the transition even before he wriggled at last through the curtain into. . . the Royal Theater # 8221 ; ( pg. 134 ) . It is interesting to observe that the fleeting male monarch is dressed from caput to toe in vermilion vesture, vermilion like the Red Admirable. This metabolism is non so much about life and decease as it is about the adult male # 8217 ; s alteration from one individual to an wholly different individual in a different station in life. Captivity to freedom. King to commoner. Zemblan to American. The sort Charles has basically died and a different Charles is taking his topographic point in the universe. Shade # 8217 ; s poesy has crossed the seas to Zembla before Charles reaches America. Charles had read his work and heard his name before going his neighbour. It is of import that we know that Kinbote # 8217 ; s, Charles # 8217 ; , compulsion with Shade began before their existent debut because it is one of the few things that the male monarch has been able to transport over from Zembla and re-introduce in his new life. The verse form of Shade # 8217 ; s that he saw many old ages ago was # 8220 ; The Sacred Tree. # 8221 ; In this verse form there is yet another reference of the butterfly. # 8220 ; An antique butterfly, ill-spread, / In form # 8221 ; ( pg. 93 ) . Possibly this is an antique butterfly because Kinbote # 8217 ; s memory of this verse form comes from his old life, his life as male monarch. The changeless contrast between perceptual experience and misperception dramas an of import function in the text, particularly when covering with Kinbote # 8217 ; s true individuality. The butterfly subject is touched on in mention to the drama between perceptual experiences and misperceptions. # 8220 ; In life, the mind/ Of any adult male is speedy to recognize/ Natural fakes, and so before his eyes/ The reed becomes a bird, the knobby twig/ An measuring worm, and the cobra caput, a big/ Wickedly folded moth # 8221 ; ( pg. 59, lines 710-15 ) . Moths are insects known to look like butterflies. However, they are non butterflies, but merely look to be. Shade is noticing on his failure to see the deceit of his white fountain for a mark of the hereafter. Finally, Kinbote summarizes what he has attempted to make in his commentary. # 8220 ; I do non see myself a true creative person, save in one affair: I can make what merely a true creative person can make # 8211 ; pounce upon the disregarded butterfly of disclosure # 8221 ; ( pg. 289 ) . As anyone who has of all time tried to catch a butterfly will certify to, it is a really hard undertaking. Besides a hard undertaking is the undertaking that Kinbote undertook by seeking to commemorate for readers the life of his friend, the creat ive activity of a piece of art, and the enigma of an exiled male monarch. The facts and the fiction weaves in and out together like a butterfly winging through the text, set downing here and at that place. The butterfly motive is the most interesting, in my sentiment, and the most pertinent to the intricate prowess of this text. 31a

Subversive Comedy vs Social Comedy Essay in Restoration Drama

Subversive Comedy vs Social Comedy Essay in Restoration Drama Introduction One of the main reasons why Restoration comedies The Country Wife by William Wycherley and The Rover by Aphra Behn were able to attain a popularity with the members of viewing audiences at the time of their staging, is that both dramaturgical works contain themes and motifs of an unmistakably societal significance.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Subversive Comedy vs Social Comedy Essay in Restoration Drama specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More That is, just as it is the case with Wycherley’s comedy, the one written by Behn does address the socio-cultural effects of Restoration on British society. In this paper, I will explore the validity of this suggestion at length, while arguing that; whereas, The Country Wife is best discussed within the conceptual framework of a ‘subversive comedy’, The Rover fits better into the framework of a ‘social comedy’ (as defined by Canfiel d). Main body According to Canfield: â€Å"Subversive comedy reveals fissures under the smooth surface of official ideology, even as the play end in ritual celebration of society’s centripetal power usually a marriage† (XVII). [This is how the page, containing Canfield’s definition, is numbered]. Canfield’s term implies that this particular type of comedy exposes deep-seated inconsistencies between the official state-ideology and the actual state of socio-cultural affair in the country. In order for us to be able to substantiate the suggestion that the earlier provided definition does apply to Wycherley’s comedy, we will have to make mentioning of what were the specifics of a socio-political situation in Britain, during the course of Restoration. Before being allowed to return to Britain and to assume British throne, Charles II was made to promise that, while acting as a king, he would refrain from trying to limit the British citizens’ newl y gained civil liberties, including the right to enjoy a religious freedom. This created a somewhat paradoxical situation – whereas, the government headed by Charles II predominantly consisted of ‘old school’ aristocrats, strongly affiliated with the representatives of largely Catholic social elites in Europe, the majority of ordinary Britons were in fact Protestants, who resented the ‘immorality’ of the Charles’s court. Thus, in order to be considered a legitimate ruler, Charles II had no other option but to act on behalf of these people, while safeguarding Britain’s interests, as an essentially ‘Protestant country’ – even at the expense of imposing a certain ideological censorship on the members of his formally Catholic/Anglican but factually atheist entourage.Advertising Looking for term paper on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is needless to mention, of course, that the court’s aristocratic sophisticates (libertines) were far from considering such state of affairs thoroughly normal. However, while being unable to openly express their lack of enthusiasm towards the prospect of having to coexist peacefully with ‘brutish commoners’, they nevertheless used to do it in a rather subtle manner – such as by favoring the plays, which were supposed to expose the officially sponsored ideology of a ‘national unity’, as having been utterly superficial (Jones, 298). Therefore, it will be fully appropriate, on our part, to refer to Wycherly’s The Country Wife as an unmistakably ‘subversive comedy’. This is because it does promote the idea that, contrary to what were the provisions of the political ideology of Restoration, there was in fact an irreconcilable existential gap between the intellectually advanced/liberated but strongly cynical representatives of British ‘old school’ aristocracy, on the one hand, and the greed-driven/intellectually shallow but pretentiously religious Protestants (Puritans), on the other (Malcolm, 309). As Canfield noted in his book The Broadview Anthology of Restoration and Early Eighteenth Century Drama: â€Å"Subversive comedy tends to focus on†¦ centrifugal energy. Sometimes this energy strains the seams that hope or pretend to stitch together a superficially homogeneous ruling class out of the heterogeneous elements of a tenuous oligarchic coalition† (121). The validity of this statement can be well illustrated in regards to a number of comedy’s scenes, which ridicule the ‘virtuous gang’ members’ tendency to remain strongly committed to leading ‘morally sound’ lifestyles, as the foremost proof of their de facto bestiality. [This is just an introductory statement – it implies that its validity will be illustrated in the paper’s consequential parts]. For example, while explaining his rationale to adopt the posture of a sexually impotent man, Horner states that it is specifically the targeted ‘virtuous’ women’s observable repulsion towards sexually-incapacitated males, which should serve him as the actual indication that, despite being ‘morally uptight’, they nevertheless strongly crave for an adulterous sex. Hence, the discursive significance of Horner’s suggestion that: â€Å"I can be sure, she that shows an aversion to me loves the sport (sex) as those Women that are gone, whom I warrant to be right† (The Country Wife Act 1. Scene 1. Lines 30-31). As Hynes noted: â€Å"Presumably, the women who make the greatest fuss about honor, virtue, and chastity are in fact the most lustful and therefore the most promising subjects† (175). Apparently, having been a rather wise individual, Horner was perfectly aware that one’s adherence to the moralistic do gmas of a particular religion does not make the concerned individual less of an animal, in the biological sense of this word.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Subversive Comedy vs Social Comedy Essay in Restoration Drama specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This implicitly promoted idea was meant to reveal the sheer hypocrisy of how overly religious ‘commoners’ used to address life-challenges, while assuming that the objective laws of nature did not have any effect on them. [This is just my personal interpretation, which is why there is no need to cite any source, in order to confirm the interpretation’s validity]. Another subject of the Wycherley comedy’s societal criticism was the fact that, despite praising the Christian values of ‘love and tolerance’, the male-representatives of the newly emerged social class of bourgeoisie nevertheless could never bring themselves to reco gnize the basic humanity of women. This is because the sheer strength of these people’s commitment to generating a commercial income (according to the Protestant doctrine, one’s financial well-being is the foremost proof that he or she is in favor with God) created objective preconditions for them to refer to women in terms of a soulless commodity (Weber, 35). For example, it is not only that one the comedy’s main characters Jack Pinchwife (representing country-commoners) [The play’s context suggests that the character of Jack Pinchwife is a commoner] used to deny his wife Margery the liberty of being able to socialize with others, but he in fact was quite comfortable with the idea disfiguring her physically, as the ultimate confirmation of his ‘possession’ of this woman. There is a memorable scene in the comedy, when Jack forces Margery to write a letter to Horner, while threatening to ‘punish’ her would-be-disobedience with a k nife: â€Å"Write as I bid you, or I will write ‘Whore’ with this knife in your Face† (The Country Wife Act 4. Scene 2. Line 79). By having this scene included in the comedy, Wycherly wanted to show that, despite having attained a social prominence, the representatives of London’s ‘new money’ bourgeoisie never ceased to remain ‘animals’ on the inside – not just irreconcilably alienated from the ideals of a courtly gallantry, but utterly incapable of understanding what the notion of a behavioral decency stands for. It is quite clear that the comedy’s exposure of these people’s actual ways was meant to undermine even further the integrity of the officially upheld ideology of a ‘national unity’. [This is because the comedy shows that, psychologically speaking, aristocrats and commoners differ from each other rather drastically].Advertising Looking for term paper on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, it would not be fully appropriate to discuss the subversive subtleties of The Country Wife, as being solely concerned with exposing the ‘fissures’. After all, it is not only that Wycherly succeeded in revealing the sheer pretentiousness/shallowness of the comedy’s ‘morally virtuous’ characters, such as Jack Pinchwife and Lady Fidget, but he also showed the actual roots of their hypocritical attitudes. Hence, another important aspect of the comedy’s ‘subversiveness’, as such that subtly promoted the idea that, regardless of the amount of the received education, natural-born commoners are simply incapable of matching the aristocrats’ cognitive-perceptual sophistication. As Knapp pointed out: â€Å"The gallants in The Country Wife place a high priority on witty conversation and object to the witless Sparkishs interference with it† (454). The full soundness of this statement can be well explored in regards to the comedy’s scenes, in which Horner mocks Mr. Sparkish’s outright stupidity – despite the fact that the latter continues to remain fully convinced that he is indeed a sophisticate individual: â€Å"No gad, hell never let her (Margery) come amongst us good fellows. Your stingy country Coxcomb keeps his wife from his friends as he does his little Firkin of Ale for his own drinking. Ha, ha, ha, gad, I am witty† (The Country Wife Act 4. Scene 3. Lines 184-187). In this respect, Wycherley’s message is clear – one’s consciously adopted posture in life has very little to do with what the concerned individual really is, in the de facto sense of this word. This message’s discursive implications are also quite apparent – people’s strive to gain a social prominence cannot be discussed in terms of a ‘thing in itself’, as it is only the inheritably noble (and therefore, intelligent) individuals, who are being naturally ‘preordained’ to exercise a political authority within the society. Thus, by mocking ‘piggish commoners’, Wycherley’s comedy in fact undermined the Restoration’s conceptual legitimacy, as such that occurred due to the involved parties’ willingness to reconcile – even though that they never truly believed in the reconciliation’s long-lastingness. Discussion Whereas, Wycherley’s comedy clearly aimed to undermine the discursive provisions of Restoration [that is, this comedy aimed to expose the earlier mentioned ‘fissures’], as the event that contrary to its formal significance, legitimized the British bourgeoisie’s continual dominance in the country’s public life, Aphra Behn’s The Rover had the opposite agenda – convincing viewers that, despite their rather flamboyant lifestyles, British exiled nobles were in fact the nation’s integral part. This, was meant to provide citizens with yet another reason to think of the Restoration, as having been fully justified. Therefore, The Rover can be well discussed in terms of a ‘social comedy’, because it does adhere to the Canfields definition of this particular dramaturgical sub-genre: â€Å"Social comedy socializes threats against hegemonic culture†¦ Good nature and generosity replace wit and energy as the supreme values†¦ even as bourgeois morality becomes an ethic of sentiment, of benevolence, providing the rationale for patronizing the less fortunate, less civilized† (XVII). [This is how the page, containing Canfield’s definition, is numbered]. After all, the themes and motifs [concerned with advancing the cause of Restoration], contained in this particular comedy, do serve the purpose of convincing viewers that there was indeed a very little rationale for them to think of formerly exiled loyalists (‘banish’t Cavaliers’), as having been psychologically alienated from the rest of British ‘common’ citizens. [This is an interpretative statement, supported by the following citation]. In this respect, one hardly disagree with Beach: â€Å"The fact that the play was embraced by the court suggests that The Rover expresses a pro-Stuart ideology, yet its position was moderate and ï ¬â€šexible enough to allow its survival beyond its historical moment† (2). The legitimacy of the earlier suggestion can be shown in relation to the following ideological aspects of Behn’s comedy: First, The Rover promotes the idea that, contrary to what contemporaries used to think of exiled gallants, there was nothing ‘effeminate’ about these people’s postures in life (Beach 7). The character of Willmore is especially illustrative, in this respect. It is not only that he never tries to avoid fighting with the numerically superior Spanish, but also he always ends up chasing them away in the end, whi le usually commenting their ‘retreats’ in a rather sarcastic manner: â€Å"A plague upon your Dons, if they fight no better theyll neer recover Flanders.- What the Devil wast to them that I took down the Picture?† (The Rover Act 2. Scene 2. Lines 201-203). As it can be well seen from the above-quotation, it was a customary practice for Willmore to refer to his Spanish competitors with utter disrespect, due to their cowardly attitudes. There is even more to it the second part of Willmore’s remark implies that, as compared with the British, the Spanish are differently ‘brain-wired’. Whereas, the Spanish are ‘emotion-driven’, the British are ‘rationale-driven’ – hence, the key to the existential superiority of the latter. Apparently, Behn was trying to advance the idea that there was nothing accidental about the fact that, regardless of what happened to be the actual form of the British government (monarchy or re public) in the past, Britons never had a problem, while subduing their Spanish counterparts. It is needless to mention, of course, that there is a strongly defined nationalist sentiment to it, which in turn implies that, while working on The Rover, Behn wanted to prompt viewers to think that it is not their class-status that matters, but rather their national affiliation. [This is an interpretative statement, supported by the earlier provided line of argumentation]. Second, The Rover promotes the idea that, even though the exiled British ‘cavaliers’ did not have any other option but socialize with Catholics, there was nothing ‘treacherous’ about it, as the gallants in question never ceased recognizing the apparent fallacies of Catholicism. For example, after having listened to Hellena’s plans of becoming a nun, Willmore exclaims â€Å"A Nun! Oh how I love thee fort! theres no Sinner like a young Saint† (The Rover Act 1. Scene 2. Lines 70-71). Obviously enough, this Willmore’s remark was meant to expose him as a rationally minded individual, highly skeptical of the Catholics’ tendency to follow the dogmas of their religion, regardless of how nonsensical the latter might have been. This, of course, was intended to provide the audience members with a yet additional reason to believe that, despite the Restoration’s formally ‘reactionary’ nature [monarchy is the discursively outdated form of government], there was nothing truly reactionary about it, as it is one’s endowment with the sense of ‘Englishness’ which reflects upon his or her social value, and not the concerned person’s religion (Beach 8). Hence, yet another justification for our earlier suggestion that The Rover does in fact belong to the sub-genre of a ‘social comedy’ – this play subtly argues that it is specifically the governmental officials’ ability to maintain the societyâ €™s structural integrity, which should be considered the main indication of their professional adequacy. Third, Behn’s comedy shows that the Britain’s eventual transformation from being ruled by ‘nobles’ to being ruled by ‘merchants’ was bound to occur – regardless of the aristocrats’ attitude towards it. This [‘What?’ what?] is the true significance of the motif of prostitution, explored throughout the comedy’s entirety. There is another memorable scene in The Rover, where Angelica tries to enlighten Willmore, as to the fact that there is nothing fundamentally different between women ‘renting’ their bodies to make a commercial profit, on the one hand, and men marrying women ‘in good faith’ for essentially the same purpose, on the other: â€Å"Pray, tell me, Sir, are not you guilty of the same mercenary Crime? When a Lady is proposed to you for a Wife, you never ask, how fair, di screet, or virtuous she is; but whats her Fortune which if but small, you cry She will not do my business and basely leave her†¦?† (The Rover Act 2. Scene 2. Lines 105-109). There is a strongly defined discursive overtone to this Angelica’s remark (with which Willmore agrees) Behn wanted to advance the idea that, since the relations between men and women can be well conceptualized in terms of commercial transactions, there is nothing wrong about the process of the 17th century’s British society becoming ever more ‘commercialized’. After all, men and women comprise just about any human society. [This is the common sense knowledge]. As Szilagyi noted: â€Å"Angelicas prostitution†¦ is, in principle, foundational for all the socio-political contracts between individuals in public life† (449). In other words, by prompting readers to adopt an intellectually flexible attitude towards the notion of prostitution, in general, Behn was sim ultaneously trying to enlighten them on the discursive connotations of socio-economic dynamics within the British society, in particular – hence, patronizing them to an extent. [The validity of this statement is confirmed by the above-quotation and by what are the interpretative implications of the earlier deployed line of an argumentative reasoning]. By doing it, she undoubtedly contributed towards the process of British formally monarchist government striving to set the country on the path of cultural and technological progress. This, of course, once again confirms the validity of the earlier suggestion that The Rover may indeed be discussed in terms of a ‘social comedy’. [The reason for this is apparent – as opposed to what it happened to be the case with ‘subversive comedies’, The Rover does not strive to expose the ‘centrifugal energy’ within the society, but rather to conceal it. This is also the example of an interpretative statement, so I do not quite understand why I am being required to provide any reference-sources]. Conclusion I believe that the deployed line of argumentation, in regards to what should be considered the extent of each of the analyzed plays’ consistency with Canfield’s definitions of ‘subversive’ and ‘social’ Restoration comedies, fully correlates with the paper’s initial thesis. [There are no Canfield’s ‘terms’ per se, but only his highly subjective (pretentiously sophisticate but rather unintelligible, I may add) visions, as to what the concepts of ‘subversive’ and ‘social’ comedy stand for. Therefore, I am not in a position to provide universally applicable explanations to these ‘terms’ (I will be asked for ‘sources’ again), since the very essence of the discussed subject matter denies such a possibility. We do not talk nuclear physics here; there are no scient ific formulas involved. The points made earlier, do expose the discursive difference between both comedies. If these points are not clear to you, I will be able to highlight them for your convenience]. Beach, Adam. â€Å"Carnival Politics, Generous Satire, and Nationalist Spectacle in Behns The Rover.† Eighteenth-Century Life 28.3 (2004): 1-19.Print. Behn, Aphra 1677, The Rover. PDF file. 31 Mar. 2013. https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/719/rover.pdf?sequence=1 Canfield, Douglas. The Broadview Anthology of Restoration and Early  Eighteenth Century Drama. Peterborough: Broadview Press, 2001. Print. Canfield, Douglas. Tricksters and Estates: On the Ideology of Restoration  Comedy. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1997. Print. Hynes, Peter. â€Å"Against Theory? Knowledge and Action in Wycherleys Plays.†Ã‚  Modern Philology 94.2 (1996): 163-189. Print. Jones, James. â€Å"Liberty secured? Britain Before After 1688.† Canad ian  Journal of History 28. 2 (1993): 295-305. Print. Knapp, Peggy. â€Å"The ‘Plyant’ Discourse of Wycherleys ‘The Country Wife’.  Studies in English Literature 40.3 (2000): 451-472. Print. Malcolm, Joyce. â€Å"Charles II and the Reconstruction of Royal Power.† The  Historical Journal 35.2 (1992): 307-330. Print. Szilagyi, Stephen. â€Å"The Sexual Politics of Behns Rover: After Patriarchy.†Ã‚  Studies in Philology 95.4 (1998): 435-455. Print. Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Routledge, London, 2001. Print. Wycherly, William 1675, The Country Wife. PDF file. Web.

Visual Analysis of Edgar Degas Art Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Visual Analysis of Edgar Degas Art Work - Essay Example However, in a social setting, it is normal for low achievers and those who do not shine in every undertaking especially in music to experience stress, which is evident from a lone dancer leaning on the wall on her forehead. This action usually actualizes the Degas portrait, thus implying that it is real and not a product of imagination or illusion. Beside the master, there is a watering can (for watering the floor to maintain its quality), violin bag and hat holding the tutoring notes pamphlet. Degas has immensely and skillfully utilized color where in this portrait they are white and black coupled with varied shades. White is evident in the color of the dancers’ clothes and the pamphlet where they have blended to bring out the contrast amid the environment and the perfumers (since black and white complementary). Besides, the artist has diversely illuminated the entire portrait where more intensity is in the forefront contrary to the back. It seems the light emanates from the front where the artist takes the entire scene (The Metropolitan Museum of Art). Conversely, there is a ray entering in the dancehall from the back slightly opened the door, but it is not powerful enough to cast an illumination on the floor. There are no organic shapes except regular, which are evident in various objects across the dancehall. For illustration, the oval-topped mirror, rectangular shapes (door and bottom of the mirror) and circular master’s hat. Light has induced aspects of value via varying shades from the front to back. This has created depth, which is evident in the portrait and whose extension starts from the front towards the back. The portrait is asymmetrical since its activities seem to dominate the left side, but it depicts unity where the dispersion of the dancers yields to the utilization of the entire room. The portrait is a public image regarding meticulous process,

Finance Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Finance Paper - Essay Example The Mission statement of the firm â€Å"is to build the premier specialty retailer of jewelry by  offering consumers high quality products at compelling values through an empowering shopping experience.† Values The Company emphasizes in great customer satisfaction and delivering that satisfaction through high-quality products. The key element for the company is to make the customer feel special and give them a shopping experience that will leave them in awe. From a business perspective, the company has developed â€Å"Code of Ethics† which list out some key values that the company strongly believes in. For instance, each individual should be treated with fairness, compassion and respect. The company also believes in strong foundation of complete, efficient, and accurate recording methods to the government. Strategy The marketing strategy for the company is effective and is consisted of penetrating the online market and attracting its customer. The company is expected to earn around 75 cents(earnings per share), which is 34% from the previous annual year. The organization’s strategy is to penetrate the market segment by selling their products at a lower price than the traditional jewelry stores. The company possesses two key competitive advantages. One competitive advantage is to cut the cost of buying diamonds only if there is a guarantee that the customer will purchase them. In essence, the customer cannot breach the contract, which enables it to be cost-effective and makes them unique compared to traditional jewelry stores. Blue Nile Company utilizes pull marketing strategy as it uses clever pricing strategy to accomplish its goals. The company believes in being just 10% better, a no nominal feat in these harsh economic times. Moreover, the company emphasizes in brand recognition and enhancing consumer traffic through their online website. The focal point remains through the search engines such as Google, YAHOO and Bing.com. The company offers incentives through internet by persuading customers to subscribe to their newsletter, which gives them special insights about promotions, sales, and coupons. The company invests little in brick-and-mortar advertisements and billboards. Without a doubt, the management team is vital towards the success of the organization. Diane Irvine, the CEO and the President has created a culture that thrives on â€Å"thinking outside the box.† It is astonishing to see how a company is flourishing in this business without owning diamond mines, a feat that may seem impossible. Ms. Irvine along with Susan Bell and Marianne Marck acknowledged that certain months are extremely busy for the stores. Thus, the decided to have a strategy in which they launched new, creative desings for the jwererly around that time period. In essence, the management team was ready to face the challenges of the customers head-on. Moreover, Irvine and her team excelled in customer service by returning custome rs demands and shipping their packages in timely manner. Furthermore, the management administration staff placed high priority in consultation and pursued the engagement rign business to the fullest, which made them highly profitable. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS BALANCE SHEET Period Ending Jan 2, 2011 Jan 3, 2010 Jan 4, 2009 Assets Current Assets Cash And Cash Equivalents 113,261  Ã‚   78,149  Ã‚   54,451  Ã‚   Short Term Investments -    15,000  Ã‚   -    Net Receivables 2,328

International economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International economics - Essay Example However, the entire practice of import and export has been subjected to multiple trade policies and regulations to maintain international harmony and restrain a control over international trade practices. Over time and under specific conditions, the structuring of the trade practices has also evolved (Davis, 1995). Considering all these aspects, this discussion focuses on analysing the type of commodities imported and exported by Singapore between the periods of 2010 to 2013 to find their alignment with the established international trade practices. The discussion emphasizes multiple crucial facts regarding the international trade practice carried out by Singapore in developing a better competitive advantage. In addition to all these, considerable amount of focus will also be laid on the tariff plans that are being imposed on the goods being imported in Singapore. Supportive facts such as worth of Singapore currency internationally will also be provided in the discussion. A considerable amount of focus needs to be provided on the fact that majority of the goods that are being imported in Singapore are tax-free excluding some of the liquor based commodities. Moreover, by analysing the trading figures between the periods of 2010 to 2013, it can be identified that the trading pattern appears to have dropped to a certain extent during the period of 2013. The graph projected below will help to understand this difference in an appropriate manner. The above mentioned two graphs clearly stated about the import and the export patterns of Singapore at the present currency rate i.e. Singapore $1~ $0.80 USD. Respectively, it can be stated that the export rate within the four fiscal years have elevated, which has apparently brought in huge loads of foreign exchange in comparison to that of the imported rates regardless of the fact that the import rates have also elevated much. However, if the evaluation is conducted depending on the types of import and

Preparation Of Oxalate Complexes Of Iron Biology Essay

Preparation Of Oxalate Complexes Of Iron Biology Essay To prepare two oxalate complexes of iron namely, Potassium Trioxalatoferrate Trihydrate and Iron Oxalate and to analyse the products for iron and oxalate respectively. One of the properties known to be characterised by transition metals such as iron is complex ion formation since they are able to form stable complexes. In this experiment, two complex of iron are being formed with the oxalate ion being the common ligand in both. Potassium Trioxalatoferrate (III) Trihydrate and Iron (II) Oxalate are the two complexes being formed and are represented by the following chemical structures: Figure 1: Chemical structures of Potassium Trioxalatoferrate (III) Trihydrate and Iron (II) Oxalate respectively. The oxalate ion, apart from acting as a Lewis base can be referred to as a bidentate ligand since an oxalate ion can donates two pairs of electrons (one from each oxygen) to the iron (III) or Iron (II) cation acting as a Lewis acid from two oxygen atoms as can be seen in figure 1 above. Iron can form a variety of complexes with most of them having an octahedral geometry. In this experiment, the Iron (II) oxalate formed is characterised by an Fe2+ as the central metal cation. This is then oxidised to Fe3+ in order to synthesise the Potassium Trioxalatoferrate (III) Trihydrate complex characterised by an Fe3+ as the central metal cation. Certain complexes such as the Potassium Trioxalatoferrate (III) Trihydrate complex are unstable to light and therefore they are said to be photosensitive. For this reason, it is a must to store such a complexes under dark conditions in order to prevent the reduction of the Fe3+ ion back to the Fe2+ ion. The amount of oxalate within a complex can be determined using titrimetric analysis. Potassium permanganate is titrated with the oxalate ion and the amount of oxalate can be determined through this redox titration. No indicator is necessary in such a titration due to the fact that the endpoint is characterised by a faint pink colour resulting from the fact that at the end point, excess un reacted permanganate ions are present in the solution since all the oxalate ions would have been consumed. The amount of iron in a complex on the other hand can be analysed following the addition of zinc to the complex solution followed by heating. Once this is carried out, the resulting solutions can be treated with potassium permanganate in a redox titration as described previously above and hence, the amount of iron in a complex can be determined. In this experiment, heating is involved in the redox titrations due to the fact that since the reaction is rather slow at room temperature, in order for one to observe a quick colour change at the end point, the solution needs to be heated to around 60oC. Method Chemicals used Ferrous ammonium sulphate Hydrogen peroxide Sulfuric acid Ethanol Oxalic acid Zinc Ferrous oxalate Potassium permanganate Potassium oxalate Apparatus used Buchner funnel Heating mantle Burette Weighing boat Thermometer Filter paper Magnetic stirrer Glass wool Analytical balance Measuring cylinder Procedure Part a Preparation of Iron (II) oxalate 15g of ferrous ammonium sulphate were dissolved in 50mL warm water which had been acidified with 1mL 2M sulfuric acid. To this, a solution of 10% 75mL oxalic acid was added with rapid stirring. The mixture was gently heated until its boiling point was reached and the yellow precipitate of ferrous oxalate formed was allowed to settle. The precipitate was removed by filtration on a Buchner funnel and washed thourally with hot water followed by acetone. The product was allowed to dry on a funnel under suction and was then weighed. Part B Preparation of Potassium Trioxalatoferrate (III) Trihydrate. 3.25g of ferrous oxalate was suspended in a warm solution of (5g in 15mL water) potassium oxalate. To this, 15mL 20 vol. Hydrogen peroxide was added from a burette whilst the solution was stirred continuously and the temperature was maintained at 40oC. The solution contained a precipitate of ferric hydroxide and this was removed by heating the solution to its boiling point and adding 10mL 10% oxalic acid. Further small amounts of oxalic acid was added drop wise until the precipitate just dissolved. The hot solution was filtered and 15mL ethanol was added to the filtrate in order to re dissolve any crystals that formed by gentle heating. The solution was placed in a dark cupboard to crystallize since the product formed was photosensitive. The crystals were collected by filtration on a Buchner funnel and later washed with an equivolume mixture of ethanol and water followed by acetone. The crystals were then dried and weighed. Part C The analysis of the products for Iron and Oxalate For Iron (II) oxalate: 0.3g of oxalate were dissolved in 25mL 2M sulfuric acid and the solution was heated to 60oC and titrated with 0.2M standard potassium permanganate solution until the first permanganate pink colour was observed. 2g of zinc dust was added and the solution was boiled for 25 minutes. The solution was filtered through glass wool and the residual zinc was washed with 2M sulfuric acid. The washings were added to the filtrate and the solution was titrated with standard potassium permanganate. The percentages of iron, oxalate and water of recrystalisation in the product were determined and hence, the empirical formula could be derived. For Potassium trioxalatoferrate (III) trihydrate: 0.2g of Potassium trioxalatoferrate (III) trihydrate were dissolved in 25mL 2M sulfuric acid and titrated with 0.02M permanganate. The solution was treated with zinc dust and re-titrated with permanganate as described in the analysis of Iron (II) oxalate above. The percentages of iron and oxalate in the complex were determined and this was compared to the theoretical value. Precautions: It was made sure that in the preparation of Potassium Trioxalatoferrate (III) Trihydrate, ethanol was added to the filtrate in order to re dissolve any crystals that formed by gentle heating. It was made sure that in the preparation of Potassium Trioxalatoferrate (III) Trihydrate, the solution was placed in a dark cupboard to crystallize since the product formed was photosensitive. It was made sure that for the preparation of Potassium Trioxalatoferrate (III) Trihydrate, the temperature was maintained at 40oC to prevent hydrogen peroxide decomposition. Observations: Ferrous (II) oxalate had a yellow precipitate and at the end a yellow powder was obtained. The endpoint of the redox titrimetric titration was marked by a faint pink colouration. Ferric hydroxide had a brown precipitate which turned into a green solution upon excess oxalic acid was added. Potassium Trioxalatoferrate (III) Trihydrate formed was in the form of green crystals. 3. Results and Calculations Results: Part A: Ferrous ammonium sulphate weighed 15.042g 10% oxalic acid measured 75mL Mass of ferrous (II) oxalate obtained 5.586g Part B: Ferrous (II) oxalate used 3.269g Potassium oxalate used 5.008g Mass of Potassium Trioxalatoferrate (III) Trihydrate obtained 2.205g Part C: Ferrous (II) oxalate used 0.320g Potassium Trioxalatoferrate (III) Trihydrate used 0.200g Zinc used 2g Volume of permanganate required in the redox titration between iron (II) oxalate and permanganate 49.5mL Volume of permanganate required in the redox titration between iron (II) oxalate and permanganate in the presence of zinc 15.50mL Volume of permanganate required in the redox titration between Potassium Trioxalatoferrate (III) Trihydrate and permanganate 24.50mL Volume of permanganate required in the redox titration between Potassium Trioxalatoferrate (III) Trihydrate and permanganate in the presence of zinc 4.00mL Calculations: Analysis of products for Iron Oxalate for Iron(II) oxalate The equations taking place in the reaction are: 2MnO4- (aq) + 5C2O42- (aq) + 16H+ (aq) Æ’Â   2Mn2+ (aq) + 10CO2 (g) + 8H2O (l) 5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ Æ’Â   5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + H2O Moles permanganate reacting with oxalate and iron = Concentration of permanganate x Volume of permanganate required: Moles permanganate = 0.02 x (49.50 / 1000) Moles permanganate = 0.00099 moles Moles permanganate reacting with iron (II) = Concentration of permanganate x Volume of permanganate required: Moles permanganate = 0.02 x (15.5 / 1000) Moles permanganate = 0.00031 moles Therefore, moles of permanganate reacting with the oxalate ions = Total number of moles Number of moles of permanganate reacting with iron. 0.00099 0.00031 = 0.00068 moles From the stoichiometry of the equation it is observed that 2 moles of permanganate react with 5 moles of oxalate, thus: Moles of oxalate = 5/2 (0.00068) = 0.0017 moles Grams of oxalate = number of moles x mass of oxalate Grams of oxalate = 0.0017 x 88 Grams of oxalate = 0.150 grams Therefore % oxalate in the product: (0.150 / 0.320) x 100 = 46.9 % From the stoichiometry of the equation it is observed that 1 mole of permanganate react with 5 moles of Iron, thus: Moles of oxalate = 5 (0.00031) = 0.00155 moles Grams of Iron (II) = number of moles x mass of oxalate Grams of Iron (II) = 0.00155 x 56 Grams of Iron (II) = 0.087 grams Therefore % Iron in the product: (0.087 / 0.320) x 100 = 27.19% The mass of water = Total mass of complex (Mass of oxalate + iron (ii)) Mass of water = 0.320 (0.150 + 0.087) = 0.083g Therefore moles = grams / RMM Moles water = 0.083 / 18 Moles water = 0.0046 moles Therefore % water in product: (0.083 / 0.320) x 100 = 25.9% To calculate the empirical formula: Iron Oxalate Water 0.00155 : 0.0017 : 0.0046 0.00155 : 0.00155 : 0.00155 1 : 1 : 3 Thus empirical formula is FeC2O4.3H2O Analysis of products for Iron Oxalate for Potassium trioxalatoferrate (III) trihydrate. The equation taking place in the reaction are: 2MnO4- (aq) + 5C2O42- (aq) + 16H+ (aq) Æ’Â   2Mn2+ (aq) + 10CO2 (g) + 8H2O (l) 5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ Æ’Â   5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + H2O Moles permanganate reacting with oxalate = Concentration of permanganate x Volume of permanganate required: Moles permanganate = 0.02 x (24.5 / 1000) Moles permanganate = 0.00049 moles From the stoichiometry of the equation it is observed that 2 moles of permanganate react with 5 moles of oxalate, thus: Moles of oxalate = 5/2 (0.00049) = 0.00123 moles Grams of oxalate = number of moles x mass of oxalate Grams of oxalate = 0.00123 x 88 Grams of oxalate = 0.108 grams Therefore % oxalate in the product: (0.108 / 0.200) x 100 = 54 % Moles permanganate reacting with iron (III) = Concentration of permanganate x Volume of permanganate required: Moles permanganate = 0.02 x (4.00 / 1000) Moles permanganate = 810-5 moles From the stoichiometry of the equation it is observed that 1 mole of permanganate react with 5 moles of Iron, thus: Moles of oxalate = 5 (810-5) = 0.0004 moles Grams of Iron = number of moles x mass of oxalate Grams of Iron = 0.0004 x 56 Grams of Iron = 0.0224 grams Therefore % Iron in the product: (0.0224 / 0.200) x 100 = 11.20% Discussion: In the first part of the experiment, ferrous ammonium sulphate, also known as Mohrs Salt was treated with warm water and sulphuric acid in order to prevent the formation of rust coloured iron hydroxides and oxides. This was followed by oxalic acid. The oxalate ions replace some or all of the sulphate ligands surrounding the Fe2+ ion and as a result, a yellow precipitate of ferrous oxalate forms. The reaction taking place is as follows: H2C2O4 (aq) + Fe2+ (aq) + 2H2O (l) Æ’Â   3H2O+ (aq) + FeC2O4 (s) In order to oxidise the Fe2+ ion into an Fe3+ ion in ferrous oxalate, hydrogen peroxide, acting as an oxidising agent is added to a solution of ferrous oxalate and potassium oxalate. Temperature control is very crucial in this step due to the fact at high temperatures, hydrogen peroxide can decompose and thus would not be able to oxidise the iron (II) to iron (III) required to prepare the Potassium trioxalatoferrate (III) trihydrate complex. It is important to make sure that all the iron (ii) has been oxidised to iron (iii) due to the fact that since each complex consists of a different number of oxalate ligands, if a mixture of the two complex ions is present, the empirical formula determination would become difficult. The reaction taking place is as follows: 2FeC2O4 (s) + C2O42- (aq) + H2O2 (aq) + 2H3O+ (aq) Æ’Â   4H2O (l) + Fe2(C2O4 )3 (s) When the Fe2(C2O4 )3 precipitate was dissolved, [Fe(C2O4)3]3- forms. This reacts with the potassium ions in solution introduced via the potassium oxalate and forms potassium trioxalatoferrate (III) which is photosensitive and thus must be stored in the dark. In the analysis of the oxalate ion, no indicator is required in the redox titration between permanganate and the oxalate ions due to the fact that at the end point, since potassium permanganate is an oxidising agent, it oxidises the oxalate ions in solution into carbon dioxide and as a result, permanganate is itself reduced to Mn2+ therefore a faint pink colour is observed at the endpoint. The reactions taking place are as follows: 2MnO4- (aq) + 5C2O42- (aq) + 16H+ (aq) Æ’Â   2Mn2+ (aq) + 10CO2 (g) + 8H2O (l) In order to analyse the iron content in the complexes formed, zinc is added followed by heating the solution. Once this was complete, the solution was treated with permanganate in a redox titration similar to the one described previously above. The reaction taking place is as follows: 5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ Æ’Â   5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + H2O Conclusion: This experiment has shown that iron being a transition metal can exist as various oxidation states. These oxidation states can then form a variety of complexes with various ligands. The complexes that are formed can then be analysed using a redox titration in order to determine the percentages of iron and oxalate in the complex. In this experiment, the empirical formula of Iron (II) oxalate was found to be FeC2O4.3H2O and consisted of 46.9 % oxalate, 27.19% Iron (II) and 25.9% water where as the Trioxalatoferrate (III) Trihydrate consisted of 54% oxalate and 11.20% iron (III)

Suicide in A Perfect Day for Bananafish by J. D. Salinger Essay

A Perfect Day for Bananafish follows the events leading up to the eventual suicide of Seymour Glass. In the story, Seymour is described as a lost spirit who sees himself as being fundamentally different from his social environment following his wartime experience; he leaves the war â€Å"seeing-more† and as a result, awakens to find that he has lost touch with the material world. Salinger uses the story’s dialog as the medium for conveying Seymour’s struggle; he establishes the shallow nature of the environment Seymour is exposed to using the dialog between Muriel and her Mother while simultaneously giving clues about Seymour’s character from the perspectives of the two women in his life. Seymour’s character is built upon further in the second half of the story during the scene in which he converses with Sybil, and also when Seymour is in the elevator moments before he commits suicide. The subtle clues Salinger weaves into the dialog suggest that Se ymour commits suicide to escape the dilemma of either conforming to the materialistic world and sacrificing his spirituality, or choosing not to conform and consequently live estranged from his own wife and the society in which he lives. The opening of the story serves to create the precedent that Muriel is shallow. The first passage describes how Muriel â€Å"uses† her two and a half hour waiting period before her mother’s call. She accomplishes multiple tasks such as painting her toenails, reading a women’s pocket-size magazine article, brushing her hair, and removing a stain from a skirt. Salinger describes Muriel as â€Å"a girl who for a ringing phone dropped exactly nothing.† The references to Muriel as â€Å"a girl† are repeated throughout the story to signify her immaturity; her concern for trivial... ...nd his own life. Many of these clues can be found in the story’s dialog. They suggest that Seymour’s suicide is the manifestation of an awakening gained through his war experience; he is separated from the shallow environment he lives in and can find no other escape. Perhaps Seymour commits suicide in an attempt to break through the barrier that separates him from Muriel and the rest of society. Or maybe Seymour’s mental faculties were damaged by his wartime experience, leaving him disturbed and unstable. The text can be read many ways; however, there is no single interpretation that captures the complexity of Salinger’s short story. While the clues that Salinger leaves throughout the story influence the reader’s perspective on Seymour Glass, ultimately the meaning and justification of Seymour’s suicide depends on the reader’s personal connection to the protagonist.

A Little About Me

Livelihood of the people often sung to go with the movement of workers such as the kalusan (Ivatan), soliranin (Tagalog rowing song) or the mambayu, a Kalinga rice-pounding song; the verbal jousts/games like the duplo popular during wakes. Other folk songs are the drinking songs sung during carousals like the tagay (Cebuano and Waray); dirges and lamentations extolling the deeds of the dead like the kanogon (Cebuano) or the Annako (Bontoc).A type of narrative song or kissa among the Tausug of Mindanao, the parang sabil, uses for its subject matter the exploits of historical and legendary heroes. It tells of a Muslim hero who seeks death at the hands of non-Muslims. The folk narratives, i. e. epics and folk tales are varied, exotic and magical. They explain how the world was created, how certain animals possess certain characteristics, why some places have waterfalls, volcanoes, mountains, flora or fauna and, in the case of legends, an explanation of the origins of things.Fables are a bout animals and these teach moral lessons. Our country's epics are considered ethno-epics because unlike, say, Germany's Niebelunginlied, our epics are not national for they are â€Å"histories† of varied groups that consider themselves â€Å"nations. † The epics come in various names: Guman (Subanon); Darangen (Maranao); Hudhud (Ifugao); and Ulahingan (Manobo). These epics revolve around supernatural events or heroic deeds and they embody or validate the beliefs and customs and ideals of a community.These are sung or chanted to the accompaniment of indigenous musical instruments and dancing performed during harvests, weddings or funerals by chanters. The chanters who were taught by their ancestors are considered â€Å"treasures† and/or repositories of wisdom in their communities. Examples of these epics are the Lam-ang (Ilocano); Hinilawod (Sulod); Kudaman (Palawan); Darangen (Maranao); Ulahingan (Livunganen-Arumanen Manobo); Mangovayt Buhong na Langit (The Ma iden of the Buhong Sky from Tuwaang–Manobo); Ag Tobig neg Keboklagan (Subanon); and Tudbulol (T'boli).

10 Analytical Essay Topics on Environmental Economics

10 Analytical Essay Topics on Environmental Economics If you need environmental economic facts for your next analytical paper, consider the ten facts below: Perfect competition in an environmental economic is a market structure wherein five basic components are met. The first component is when all firms sell an identical product. Once this has been established, the second criterion is that all firms are price takers. Third: all firms have a relatively small market share. The fourth component is that buyers know the nature of the product which is being sold along with the prices charged by each of the firms. The last item is that the industry is then characterized by freedom of entry and exit. It is a theoretical market structure which is used comparatively as a benchmark to compare other market structures. In a given environmental economic marketplace there are different buyers and different sellers, which create a competitive market. The market changes based upon responses to supply and demand. With numerous buyers and sellers, the supplier and the consumer have an ability to influence the price. When there exists an industry without any substitute products there can be no competition and the producer of the product can control the price, limiting the consumer’s choice and influence over the price. An environmental economic monopoly encompasses the market structure established above wherein there is only one producer for a specific product making the single business the entire industry. Because of high costs, entrance into the monopoly structure is restricted. The impediments, aside from cost, can be social, political, or economic. A monopoly structure may also form because of a copyright or patent which one company has preventing other companies from entering into that market. An environmental economic oligopoly consists of only a few firms making up a single industry, however, the firms are part of a selected group which maintains control over the price. Often the products produced by each firm are almost mirrors of one another. Each competing for market share and being a result of market forces. In the United States, the closest example of perfect competition for environmental economics would be the stock exchange. Since perfect competition is a theory, no example will fit the five parts of the model perfectly, however, the stock exchange is close. The only thing lacking from the example of the stock exchange is that no single seller is able to influence the market price, and investment banks are actually capable of influencing the market. A monopoly is one extreme form of market structure while perfect competition is the exact opposite of a monopoly. There are two types of price discrimination for environmental economics. The first is single-price monopoly which is when a firm is limited to charging the same price for each unit of output sold. The second type is price discrimination monopoly. This is when there are different prices charged to different customers based upon their willingness to pay for the goods in question. The latter form of price discrimination within a monopoly is not based on prejudice, stereotypes, or any type of ill-will toward a group or a person. Price discrimination requires a demand curve which must be a downward-sloping demand curve for the firm’s output. The firm must be able to identify consumers willing to pay more and must be able to prevent low-price customers from reselling to high-price customers. An environmental economic monopoly benefits from price discrimination because it always benefits owners of a firm, increasing its profit. However, it does harm some customers and additional prof it for the firm is equal to monetary loss of customers. Perfect price discrimination needs each firm to charge each customer the most the customer would be willing to pay for each unit he or she buys. A monopolist can practice price discrimination assuming two conditions are met. The first is that there must be a different price elasticity of demand from each group of consumers, so that the monopolist is able to increase the total revenue and profits. The other condition which must be met is that the monopolist must be able to prevent any ability of customers to purchase the product or service at a lower price, ultimately preventing them from switching to another supplier. An example of price discrimination by an environmental economic monopoly is demonstrated through top hotels or airlines who offer spare rooms and seats on standby. This takes a normally fixed cost industry and offloads spare capacity at the last minute with supplementary profit. Also, early bird discounts function in this industry in the same manner. Offering early bird prices allows airlines and hotels the ability to foresee their source of cash flow weeks in advance. While this pricing strategy is referred to as yield management, it is still price discrimination. Peak and off-peak pricing for ATT as well as PGE in the California region separates markets by time. Off peak times offer spare capacity and low marginal costs of production as opposed to peak times where the supplier reaches their capacity constraints. ATT was a government-supported monopoly. However, ATT made the electric industry more efficient and despite having peak hours, they were not guilty of price discrimination. They however, had the potential to fix prices. Microsoft was an abusive environmental economic monopoly, not sharing any of the positive qualities that ATT was able to boast. Microsoft’s operating systems continued to demonstrate hostility toward competitor’s software. They abused a non-coercive monopoly. Microsoft was unable to dominate the market indefinitely because their materials were produced at such a rapid pace that bugs were still present and innovative domestic and international competition ruined their initial monopoly. Microsoft lost their hold on open source software. Aren’t these just what you need? Don’t forget to check our 20 topics and a sample on environmental economics along with our guide to analytical essay writing on this topic. References: Berck, Peter, and Gloria E Helfand.  The Economics of the Environment. Boston: Pearson Addison-Wesley, 2011. Print. Mankiw, N. Gregory.  Principles of Microeconomics. Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-Western, 2004. Print. Pearce, David W.  Environmental Economics. London: Longman, 1976. Print. Perman, Roger, Yue Ma, and James McGilvray.  Natural Resource and Environmental Economics. London: Longman, 1996. Print. Sankar, U.  Environmental Economics. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2001. Print. Seneca, Joseph J, and Michael K Taussig.  Environmental Economics. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1974. Print. Tietenberg, Thomas H.  Environmental and Natural Resource Economics. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers, 1992. Print.

How Electric Motors and Generators Work

How Electric Motors and Generators Work Electric vehicles rely exclusively on electric motors for propulsion, and hybrids use electric motors to assist their internal combustion engines for locomotion. But thats not all. These very motors can be, and are, used to generate electricity (through the process of regenerative braking) for charging these vehicles onboard batteries. The most common question is: How can that be ... how does that work? Most folks understand that a motor is powered by electricity to do work- they see it every day in their household appliances (​washing machines, vacuum cleaners, food processors). But the idea that a motor can run backward, actually generating electricity rather than consuming it seems almost like magic. But once the relationship between magnets and electricity (electromagnetism) and the concept of conservation of energy is understood, the mystery disappears. Electromagnetism Motor power and electricity generation begin with the property of electromagnetism- the physical relationship between a magnet and electricity. An electromagnet is a device that acts like a magnet, but its magnetic force is manifested and controlled by electricity. When wire made of conducting material (copper, for example) moves through a magnetic field, current is created in the wire (a rudimentary generator). Conversely, when electricity is passed through a wire that is wound around an iron core, and this core is in the presence of a magnetic field, it will move and twist (a very basic motor). Motor/Generators Motor/generators are really one device that can run in two opposite modes. Contrary to what folks sometimes think, that does not mean that the two modes of the motor/generator run backward from each other (that as a motor the device turns in one direction and as a generator, it turns the opposite direction). The shaft always spins the same way. The change of direction is in the flow of electricity. As a motor, it consumes electricity (flows in) to make mechanical power, and as a generator, it consumes mechanical power to produce electricity (flows out). Electromechanical Rotation Electric motor/generators are generally one of two types, either AC (Alternating Current) or DC (Direct Current) and those designations are indicative of the type of electricity that they consume and generate. Without getting into too much detail and clouding the issue, this is the difference: AC current changes direction (alternates) as it flows through a circuit. DC currents flow  uni-directionally (stays the same) as it goes through a circuit. The type of current utilized is concerned mostly with the cost of the unit and its efficiency (An AC motor/generator is generally more expensive, but is also much more efficient). Suffice it to say that most hybrids and many larger all-electric vehicles use AC motor/generators- so that is the type well focus on in this explanation. An AC Motor/Generator Consists of 4 Main Parts: A shaft-mounted wire wound armature (rotor)A field of magnets that induce electrical energy stacked side-by-side in a housing (stator)Slip rings that carry the AC current to/from the armatureBrushes that contact the slip rings and transfer current to/from the electrical circuit The AC Generator in Action The armature is driven by a mechanical source of power (for example, in commercial electric power production it would be a steam turbine). As this wound rotor spins, its wire coil passes over the permanent magnets in the stator and an electric current is created in the wires of the armature. But because each individual loop in the coil passes first the north pole then the south pole of each magnet sequentially as it rotates on its axis, the induced current continually, and rapidly, changes direction. Each change of direction is called a cycle, and it is measured in cycles-per-second or hertz (Hz). In the United States, the cycle rate is 60 Hz (60 times per second), while in most other developed parts of the world it is 50 Hz. Individual slip rings are fitted to each of the two ends of the rotors wire loop to provide a path for the current to leave the armature. Brushes (which are actually carbon contacts) ride against the slip rings and complete the path for the current into the circuit to which the generator is attached. The AC Motor in Action Motor action (supplying mechanical power) is, in essence, the reverse of generator action. Instead of spinning the armature to make electricity, current is fed by a circuit, through the brushes and slip rings and into the armature. This current flowing through the coil wound rotor (armature) turns it into an electromagnet. The permanent magnets in the stator repel this electromagnetic force causing the armature to spin. As long as electricity flows through the circuit, the motor will run.

According the ppt in attachment write a Speech about 2 page in hurry Essay

According the ppt in attachment write a Speech about 2 page in hurry plz - Essay Example existence of diverse knowledge, attitudes, competence, and concepts that are based on diverse cultures in today’s workforce necessitates competence in intercultural communication. When the knowledge is integrated with business, it constitutes intercultural business communication. Intercultural communication study is not a new concept. It started in the 1920s with the study and teaching of linguistics. Linguistics constituted lessons on communication skills such as listening that enhanced understanding languages. In the 1950s, E.T. Hall introduced the terms, â€Å"intercultural tensions,† and â€Å"intercultural problems.† The terms created awareness on the diversity and differences that are evident among individuals from different cultures and worldviews. Furthermore, awareness of the existing tensions and problems created by cultural differences promoted the urge for different people to harmonize them through commonalities in communication. In 1958, Lederer and Burdick published â€Å"The Ugly American† that created mass awareness of intercultural issues and concerns. In 1959, Hall published â€Å"The Silent Language† that further promoted awareness on intercultural communication. Later, in 1961, Kluckhohn and Stodtback contribut ed greatly to the concept of intercultural communication. Oliver’s 1992 publication â€Å"Culture and Communication† and Smith’s 1996 â€Å"Communication and Culture† further enhanced understanding of the concept. The period from 1971 to 1980 featured landmark and rapid development of intercultural communication. Three major publications were influential in enhancing understanding of the concept. â€Å"American Cultural Patterns† by Stewart, â€Å"Communication: A Reader† by Samorar and Porter, and Prosser’s †Intercommunications among Nations and People† were notably influential publications that promoted understanding of intercultural communication as a concept. Since 1980 to present, there have been several studies and publications

Human resource Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Human resource - Assignment Example along with sharp observations and strategic management decisions, their loyal and skilled workforce is one of the reasons behind their success. With a fleet of airplanes at their service and a multinational and lean workforce Emirates is able to employ labor cost and fleet cost economies and lower their overhead (El Namaki, 2007). The airline’s continued performance and profitability for the last 24 years has enabled them to pursue a strategy of rapid expansion and growth in recent years. The Emirates Group has posted a net profit of AED 2.3 billion ($629 million) for the 2011-12 annual year, with revenues growing by 14.9 per cent when compared to the 2010-11 financial year (Graphic Ghana, 2012). In the same year the group acquired around 22 new aircrafts to grow their transport services. A very important part of their business is the crew and staff that manages their services and Emirates has developed a long term strategy with selecting, recruiting and training the best fit employees for the Emirates culture. The official website provides transparent information about their recruitment procedures. Taking advantage of the global talent pool, The Cabin Crew recruitment team regularly travels to over 60 countries to select the best people for the organization.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Global Information Open Days†Ã‚  and  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Global Assessment Centres†Ã‚  are currently scheduled at various international destinations to streamline the process. These events are conducted to allow aspiring pilots and technicians (along with other staff) to connect with the company, after initial short list, interviews are conducted - assessment centers are used and in some cases psychometrics tests are required (Emirates Group, 2012). They provide an extensive training for their pilots of upto four years including foundation stage of airline flying, practical training in Spain and Dubai and training with commercial planes for 6-9 months before getting their air transport pilot’s license. The extensive recruitment and training process cuts down on employee turnover and performance is up to the standards required by the airline. In 2012 Emirates increased its overall staff count by more than 10 per cent. The group employs a total of 63,000 multicultural workforce from 160 countries. (Graphic Ghana, 2012)Adel Al Redha, Executive Vice-President, the Department of Engineering and Operations, Emirates Group, said ‘the company has a strategic plan for recruitment in the coming years, in conjunction with the expansion." (Staff, 2011). As well as international recruits, the group plans to invest in cultivating local talent from the Emirates. At present Emirati pilots, engineers and technicians from about 12 per cent of the airline's staff, but with an expected 8,500 more jobs opening in the organization- hiring close to home will let Emirates help the community and increase the job base for the nationals. For the group, the external recruitment strategy is in line with their mission to become a global air transport service provider. The ‘Open’ business model they follow (Annual Report, 2010-11) which favors open sky policies and liberalization in the aviation industry to foster health competition as different